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I have tried both editing the state file by hand to change all 5.4.0 references to 5.10.0, as well as updating my go.mod file. No luck.

I faced the same issue yesterday. Pulumi does not like to use 5.10.0 standalone. For some reason there is a dependency with 5.4.0

For now I have both the versions installed.

The dependency seems to come from pulumi-awsx.
The weird thing is pulumi auto-installs all other plugins, but never aws 5.4.0