Given a stack that has aws defaults set

config:
  aws:region: us-gov-east-1
  aws:profile: ogov-core-services

Is there a way to reference the default ResourceOptions or InvokeOptions this would create via a variable without having to define an entirely new ResourceOptions variable? Or maybe just be able to reference the default provider?

aws.config.region

will get you the default provider region. Or, you can access like this:

const config = new pulumi.Config("aws");
const defaultRegion = config.get("region"); // config.require() if it has to be there.

I think what I'm looking for is this option to disable the default provider entirely and then I'll just use the same config points from the config file to create a custom provider and then refer to it as a variable.

pulumi:disable-default-providers:
- aws

Yes - if you never want to use the system config so that you accidentally deploy to the wrong account or region, that's a good way to ensure that outcome.

I disable the default providers like you mention. In my core account, I create new accounts for our tenants and then I use this code to get a provider to use for tenant stacks.