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base64 encode it first, it’s usually an error with whitespace

what are the cloud-init logs telling you?

2022-09-29 20:11:46,180 - subp.py[DEBUG]: Exec format error. Missing #! in script?

I think it’s this line
```whoami &gt;&gt; /script_output```

but your script isn’t valid, in any case

this script works when passed as user_data to terraform... I'll try creating a text file before that line to check...

I tried inserting 'touch /testfile.txt' to the start of the script but it didn't work either....

user_data = """
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, world!" &gt; index.html
"""

I opened the file: /var/lib/cloud/instances/i-0b74ab797ee4ba6b6/scripts/part-001

which included the new script above, however the first line was blank and the second line was: '#!/bin/bash'

this appears to be the reason that the script is not running... but I'm not sure why the script is being read with a leading carriage return

ok I worked it out... needs to be on the first line of user_data:             user_data = """#!/bin/bash

out of curiosity why are you writing the stdout to script_output? user_data redirects all output to /var/log/user-data.log by default

I don't see a file by that name in that path...

what about /var/log/cloud-init-output.log ? <https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/user-data.html#user-data-shell-scripts>

doesn't show the same level of info as I'm writing to a separate log and I also add additional comments in the log to help follow the flow

I encountered this as well, but only when using Ubuntu AMI, it works OK with Amazon Linux. I had to use
```user_data = """\
#!/bin/bash
...```