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I am trying to wrap my head around outputs and stack references and using `.apply(lambda x: x)` with Pulumi/Python, but am having difficulty really understanding it. Is there a good white paper that explains it all clearly?

So there's a few resources for this:
Firstly our main docs on Inputs and Outputs, <https://www.pulumi.com/docs/intro/concepts/inputs-outputs/>
But also me and <@UCWG26BH7> have both wrote blogs about apply, Lee's is targeted at just about anyone, <https://leebriggs.co.uk/blog/2021/05/09/pulumi-apply>. While mine is if you've got an functional programming background, <https://blog.ibasa.uk/programming/pulumi/2021/05/20/pulumi-apply-monad.html>