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this is the Instance configuration:

const computeInstance = new gcp.compute.Instance("pulumi-instance", {
    machineType: "e2-medium",
    metadataStartupScript: startupScript,
    bootDisk: {
        initializeParams: {
            image: "ubuntu-os-cloud/ubuntu-2004-lts", // get list names with command: gcloud compute images list
        },
    },
    networkInterfaces: [{
        network: computeNetwork.id,
        accessConfigs: [{}], // must be empty to request an ephemeral IP
    }],
    serviceAccount: {
        scopes: ["<https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform>"],
    },
    tags: ["http-server"]
}, { dependsOn: [computeFirewall] });

This is just a guess… but does

sudo chown -R 1001 data

require some type of interactive input (e.g. a password)?

good question, supposedly the VM is not configured with a password but I'm gonna try by removing sudo command to see if it works. Thanks for the tip 👍